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 |   Related post: Charcot pointed out. Just in front of the upper part of the precentral convolution the great trunk musculature is said to be represented. Horsley and Schafer locate the trunk centre in the marginal convolution. Munk believes that it lies in the frontal lobes, while Jack- son assigns it entirely to the cerebellum. It must be remembered that all of these centers shade off into one another so that no sharp outline can be assigned to any one of them individually. They are the only cortical molar areas that can be accepted at the present day with anything like a de- gree of positiveness in man. Experiments upon the monkey have indicated that these areas may again be subdivided and smaller areas detected for the representation of small and special forms of move- ment. Within the lower centres, for Buy Oxsoralen Online instance, we find clearly represented the laryngeal, masticatory and deglutitory muscles, though there is some dis- cussion as to the accuracy of all of them in regard to certain details. Lateral movements of the head, elevation of the eyelids, and dilatation of the pupils are all represented, according to the observations of Ferrier upon monkeys, in the posterior ends of the first and second frontal convolutions. The visceral muscles and vasomotor system do not seem to have any representation at Oxsoralen Lotion all Oxsoralen Cream in the cerebral cortex, though that hardly seems possible when we remember how the emotions affect the cir- culation of the face and how even the viscera are perceived at times in the realm of consciousness. Their bilaterality and close unity of function, as well as the fact that all the organs of vegetative life are more especially under the control of the specialized sympathetic nervous system, may account for the lack of their higher representation in the cortex. Some authorities declare that a regulating influence upon the heart and blood vessels, upon the heat pro- duction and upon the visceral nervous apparatus is exercised in the opposite half of the body by centres located in and near the central convolutions. These, however, together with the centres for the bladder and rectum and for the trophic regulation of the musculature in general, though supposed to reside in and about the motor zone, are all entirely hy- pothetical. Certainly no symptoms in unilateral dis- ease of the cerebral cortex have yet afforded us any basis whereon to locate or even to assume the ex- istence of such centres. Those who maintain that the histological struc- ture of the central convolutions affords a clue to their proper function reason beyond the facts, (jowers says, for instance, that "it is instructive to note that in this part are found the largest ganglion cells met with in the cortex, cells comparable to, though exceeding in size, the certainly motor cells of the anterior corner of the spinal cord." On the other hand, we find in the hippocampal convolution, which is admitted to be sensory in function, pyramidal cells very similar to those found in the central con- volutions. They lie just beyond what is known as the stratum radiatum. Furthermore, these large cells have never as yet been absoutely proved to be motor. They may be muscular, in the sense that they are in immediate connection with the muscula- ture of Oxsoralen Price the body and capable of a grosser and more vigorous form of activity than are the more delicate receptive sensory cells. Neurones, whether of the motor or sensory Oxsoralen Tablets type, are all alike in their intimate structure so far as we know, and their exhibition of neurility is to all intents and purposes the same everywhere. When we remember that sensation it- self is but a mode of motion, we can understand that these giant-cells may differ from the smaller ones in degree rather than in kind. The reflex character of most of the sensory-motor phenomena would seem to indicate that both sets of neurons possess the faculty of receiving and emitting nervous im- pulses and it is hard to escape the conclusion, there- fore, that the essenal differences in their functions are the result of the nature of the terminal end- organs with which they are respectively connected. .\s an essential part of the neurone doctrine, it is now taught even more emphatically than heretofore that the terms sensory and motor as applied to the nervous elements have more regard to their per- ipheral end-organs than to their innate structure or even to their central connections. Physicists are resolving all phenomena into mo- lecular motion, the differences in the phenomena into the different forms of molecular motion. Light, heat, electricity are but the expression of tlie different modes of movement among the mole- cules of matter. Nervous activity has not infre- (|uently been likened to electricity, but whether the comparison be true or not, it is more Oxsoralen Ultra than probable that the former is as much a mode of molecular mo- tion as is the latter. Chemical changes accompanv both and chemical changes are the result of atomic transformations. Both sensory and motor phe- nomena, nervous as well as muscular, are alike the rcstilt of molecular movements. The simple mus- cular contractions are recognized as the direct e.x- June 7, 1902.] METTLER: CEREBRAL LOCALIZATION AND BRAIN FUNCTION. 975 pression of molecular vibrations within the muscu- lar elements and the reflex circle, beginning in a peripheral irritation, running through the centre from sensory to motor cell and Buy Oxsoralen finally passing out agam to terminate in gross muscular contractions, is simply the transmission of the same molecular disturbance, differing in degree, but not in kind, throughout the various parts of the arc. This is so universally accepted now by science that its reitera- tion seems almost like a truism, but for my present purpose of showing the universality of the one phe- nomenon needs to be repeated. If the reader cares Related links: Celebrex Ibuprofen Interaction, where to buy clomid online no prescription, Voltarol 50mg, Azelaic Acid Hair Loss, buy orlistat online, Where To Buy Claritin D, Cefixime Trihydrate, Buy Amoxapine, buy paxil online uk, Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate Tablets
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